 Short a, Long a |
 /f/ Spelled f, ff, ph |
 Suffixes: -ate, -ary |
 Short e, Long e |
 Consonant Sounds: /z/, /zh/ |
 Prefixes: under-, sub-, super-, inter-, intra-, mid- |
 Short i, Long i |
 Suffixes: -ed, -ing |
 Suffix: -ous |
 Short o, Long o |
 Silent Consonants |
 Words Writers Use |
 Short u, Long u |
 Double Consonants |
 Suffixes: -ion, -tion, -ation |
 Vowels:  |
 Suffixes: -able, -ible |
 Suffixes: -eer, -ian, -ant, -ent |
 ie, ei |
 Prefixes: ir-, anti-, il-, non-, mis- |
 Suffixes: -ance, -ence |
 r-Controlled Vowels |
 Suffixes: -age, -ment |
 Homographs |
 /ә/ in Final Syllables |
 Suffixes: -ful, -less, -some |
 Greek Roots |
 Suffixes: -ward, -ly |
 Compound Words |
 Abbreviations and Acronyms |